World Journal of
Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences

PROBIOTICS AS IMMUNOMODULATORS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF THEIR ROLE IN ENHANCING IMMUNITY, GUT HEALTH, AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT

*Mansimran Kaur Randhawa

ABSTRACT

Probiotics, defined as live microorganisms conferring health benefits when consumed in adequate amounts, exhibit profound immunomodulatory capabilities. Numerous studies highlight their ability to enhance immune responses by promoting Th1 differentiation, regulatory T-cell populations, and cytokine production, such as IL-10 and interferon-α. Mechanistic insights reveal their interaction with gut epithelial cells, M cells, and immune cells, initiating immune signals and enhancing mucosal and systemic immunity. Probiotics such as Lactobacillus strains stimulate phagocytic activity and antibody production, including IgM, IgA, and IgG, reinforcing intestinal barrier function and modulating immune responses to pathogens. Animal studies demonstrate probiotics' protective effects against infections like C. rodentium and Salmonella enterica, reducing disease severity and improving survival rates. Furthermore, strain-specific responses, including enhanced innate immunity and modulation of cytokine profiles, have been observed. Heat-killed probiotics retain immunomodulatory activity, offering practical advantages such as improved storage and transportation. In immune-compromised hosts, probiotics help restore intestinal homeostasis and reinforce the mucosal barrier, providing therapeutic potential in conditions like HIV and autoimmune diseases. Probiotics also regulate the immune system through pathways involving tight junction proteins, protein kinase C, and MAP kinase, ensuring gut integrity and reducing inflammation. Their strain-dependent effects include both pro-inflammatory and regulatory responses, linked to interactions with pattern recognition receptors. This evidence underscores the therapeutic promise of probiotics in enhancing immunity, protecting against infections, and modulating inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, suggesting their pivotal role in clinical and nutritional applications.

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