World Journal of
Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences

ADVANCEMENTS IN CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF IMMUNE CHECKPOINT INHIBITORS

Shuvadeepa Basu* and Sinchita Banerjee

ABSTRACT

This comprehensive review delves into the transformative landscape of cancer immunotherapy, focusing on the
pivotal role of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICIs) in revolutionizing treatment strategies. Addressing the
limitations of conventional cancer therapies, the paper navigates through the mechanisms and applications of ICIs
across various cancer types. The exploration begins with an in-depth analysis of Nivolumab, an engineered
monoclonal antibody targeting PD-1. Emphasizing its fully human design and IgG4 subtype selection, the paper
details Nivolumab's potent binding affinity to PD-1 and its strategic avoidance of antibody-dependent cellular
cytotoxicity (ADCC). Insights into its effectiveness in blocking PD-1 interactions with B7-H1 and B7-DC
underscore the preservation of crucial immune cell activity. Pembrolizumab, another key player in cancer
immunotherapy, takes the spotlight, with a focus on its role in advanced melanoma and Non-small cell lung cancer
(NSCLC) treatment. The review navigates through its mechanism of action, inhibiting PD-1 receptors on
lymphocytes, and explores the delicate balance between enhanced immune responses and potential immune-related
side effects. Atezolizumab, a modified monoclonal antibody designed for human-like interactions, is discussed in
the context of preventing PD-L1 interactions with PD-1 and B7, thereby boosting T-cell activity. Approval for
metastatic urothelial cancer and NSCLC, along with promising results from the IMmotion 151 trial in advanced
ccRCC patients, highlights its significance. The paper extends its purview to colorectal cancer (CRC), emphasizing
the promising prospects of ICIs in addressing immune evasion in mismatch repair deficient (dMMR) or
microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) metastatic CRC. The potential of anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD-1, and anti-PD-L1
in CRC therapy, particularly in combination, is explored. While recognizing the transformative potential of ICIs,
the review candidly addresses the challenge of immune-related adverse effects (irAEs). The differential severity
between anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies is discussed, underscoring the critical need for effective
management, especially in combination therapies. In conclusion, the review reflects on the evolving landscape of
cancer treatment with ICIs, acknowledging the delicate balance required to harness their therapeutic benefits while
effectively managing associated risks. The paper underscores the profound impact of ICIs in offering renewed hope
to cancer patients and the ongoing research shaping the future of cancer immunotherapy.

[Full Text Article]   [Download Certificate]